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Using a VPN is a terrific way to protect your internet traffic when you're traveling, but it's not a solution for encrypting your local files. .

When the FBI needed information from the San Bernardino shooter's iPhone, they asked Apple to get a rear door to get beyond the encryption. But no such back door existed, and Apple refused to make one. The FBI needed to hire hackers to get into the phone.

Why wouldn't Apple help Because the moment a back door or comparable hack exists, it becomes a goal, a decoration for the poor guys. It'll leak sooner or later. In a talk at Black Hat last summer, Apple's Ivan Krstic revealed the company has done something similar in their cryptographic servers.

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Apple can't update them, but the poor guys can't get in either. .

Each the products in this roundup explicitly say they have no back door, and that is as it ought to be. It does mean that if you encrypt an essential document and then forget that the encryption password, then you've lost it for good.

Back in the day, if you wanted to maintain a document key you can use a cipher to encrypt it and then burn the original. Or you could lock it up in a protected. The two main methods in encryption utilities parallel with these options.

One type of product simply processes files and folders, turning them into impenetrable encrypted versions of themselves. Another creates a virtual disk that, when open, behaves like any other drive on your system. When you lock the virtual drive, all of the files you put into it are entirely inaccessible. .

Like the virtual drive solution, some products store your encrypted data in the cloud. This strategy demands extreme caution, obviously. Encrypted data in the cloud has a much bigger attack surface than encrypted data on your own PC.

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Which is better It really depends on how you plan on using encryption. If you are not sure, take advantage of this 30-day free trial offered by each of those products to get a feel for the different options.

After you copy a document into protected storage, or make an encrypted version of it, you absolutely need to wipe out the unencrypted original. Just deleting it isn't sufficient, even if you bypass the Recycle Bin, because the data still exists on disc, and data recovery utilities can often get it back. .

Some encryption products prevent this issue by encrypting the document in place, literally overwriting it on disc with an encrypted version. It is more common, though, to offer secure deletion as an option. If you select something that lacks this feature, you should find a free secure deletion tool to use along with it. .

Overwriting information before deletion is sufficient to balk software-based retrieval tools. Hardware-based forensic recovery works because the magnetic recording of information on a hard drive isn't actually digital. It is more of a waveform. In simple terms, the process involves nulling out the known information and reading around the borders of what's left.

An encryption algorithm is like a black box. Dump a document, image, or other document into it, and you get back what sounds like gibberish. Run that gibberish back through the box, with the exact same password, and you get back the original.

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The U.S. government has settled on Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) as a standard, and all the products accumulated here service AES. Even those that support other algorithms tend to recommend using AES.

If you are an encryption specialist, you might prefer another algorithm, Blowfish, perhaps, or the Soviet government's GOST. For the average consumer, however, AES is just fine.

Passwords are important, and you have to keep them confidential, right see this here Well, not when you use Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) cryptography.

With PKI, you get two keys. One is public; you can discuss it with anyone, register it in a key exchange, tattoo it on your foreheadwhatever you prefer. The other is personal, and should be closely guarded. If I want to send you a key document, I just encrypt it with your public key.

Simple! .

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Using this system in reverse, you can make an electronic signature which shows that your document came from you and hasn't been altered. How Just encrypt it with your private key. The simple fact your public key decrypts it is all of the proof you need. PKI support is less common than support for traditional symmetric algorithms. .

If you want to share a file with someone and your encryption application doesn't support PKI, there are different options for sharing. Many products enable creation of a self-decrypting executable file. You may also find that the recipient can use a free, decryption-only tool.